Is the Basque Language an Endangered Language?

A language is a repository of the riches of highly specialised cultural experiences. When a language is lost, all of us lose the knowledge contained in that language's words and grammar, knowledge that can never be recovered if the language has not been studied or recorded.Not all of this knowledge is of immediate practical benefit, of course, but all of it is vital in teaching us different ways of thinking about life, of approaching our day-to-day existence on planet earth (Daniel L Everett, From Threatened Languages to Threatened Lives, Online Article, 2007).According to the Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages, there are 13 languages that were once spoken in Europe that are now extinct; 9 languages that are almost extinct; 26 languages that are seriously endangered, and 38 that are in danger. This last list includes the Basque language (Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages, Online document, 1999).Due to an increasing concern amongst linguists regarding ethnolinguistic groups , in-depth research, and a number of studies, have been undertaken to explain the extinction of languages, the reasons why certain languages become endangered, and how to ensure that languages are not lost in the future. The results of these studies signify several representing factors that explain why languages become endangered. One aspect is due to the fact that often a people group, or language group, moves towards another language because of increased earning and power opportunities (Daniel L.Everett, Online Article, 2007), something that is putting several European languages under threat (Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages, Online document, 1999). And another is when there are so few people speaking the language that it becomes impossible to continue with its usage (SIL International, Endangered Language Groups, Online Article, 2007). Or, as was the case with the Basque language, it can be partly due to the prohibition of its usage. But these are not the only dictating fa ctors; existing social, political, economic and religious factors, all play their part.This paper will be looking at Euskera, which is the name of the Basque language; a language that dates as far back as the 7th century, and which is considered to be under threat. An Historical Overlook of Euskera. Since the beginning of mankind, new languages have been continually emerging, while others disappear forever; and while the loss of a language may not seem to be of great importance, according to professional linguists ‘each loss is a great tragedy’ (Daniel L Everett, From Threatened Languages to Threatened Lives, Online Article, 2007).Euskera, the Basque language, is spoken by approximately 890,000 people in Northern Spain, and 80,000, mostly elderly people in the South-West of the Pyrenees in the South of France (Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages, Online document, 1999). However, although the Basque Community shares the same language, it is comprised of three Basque areas, which are governed by different political and administrative bodies: Iparraldea, which belongs to France; Navarra, which belongs to the Spanish State, and the BAC (Basque Autonomous Community), which governs only this particular area of the Basque Community.Once far larger in terms of geographical boundaries, research has shown that Euskera was once spoken in Aragon and West Catalonia, as far back as the 7th century (Tover, 1959). Then in the 9th and 10th centuries, through mass migration, it reached south of Alava (University of Deusto, Bilbao, Online Document, 2007). Although records show that geographical language loss can be traced as far back as the Roman period (University of Deusto, Online Document, 2007), it was really when Prince Bonaparte drew his map recording where the Basque dialect was spoken that evidence of massive language loss could be seen. By 1863, ‘†¦..Basque had been lost in west Biscay, most of Alava, south of Pamplona†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. and the Baiona area of northern Basque Country’ (University of Deusto, 2007). The decline was partly due to decisions made concerning the supremacy of Spanish during the Bourbon period of the 18th Century, and the way the language was stigmatized as inferior, only being considered as suitable for farmers and peasants (University of Deusto, 2007). Spanish was used exclusively in education and instruction, and children who attempted speaking Basque were punished, resulting in illiteracy amongst the children of Basque speakers (University of Deusto, 2007).Industrialization also played its part during the 19th century. The need for workers resulted in mass immigration, and saw the arrival of so many monolingual Spanish speakers that their numbers far outweighed those of the Basque speakers. The fact that the Spanish speakers moved into several areas where the language had already been lost, and the fact that the Franco government prohibited the use of Euskera, both helped to ensured tha t the language would become endangered (University of Deusto, 2007). Spanish and French Attitudes Concerning the Basque Language.The use of Basque by Basque-speakers is only partial during the day. With the exception of a few areas in the Basque Country, it is almost impossible to live speaking only Basque. However, living speaking only French or Spanish is possible and frequent. The Basque-speaker must use French or Spanish at least in part, not only because of the legal imperative but also because of the social relegation of Basque (Euskal Herria Journal, The Basque Language at Home, Online Article, 2007). It was during the Franco dictatorship period, through cultural and language oppression, that the majority of loss occurred.And it was only when democracy was restored that the Basque movement, whose aim was to restore their language and culture, came into being. Both the Spanish and French governments have, historically, been instrumental in the loss of the Basque language by en forcing the exclusive use of their nation’s respective languages. The results of the prohibition concerning the usage of Euskera, is believed to have resulted in half of the Basque population being more comfortable when speaking Euskera, and the other half more comfortable speaking either French or Spanish (Daniel L. Everett, Online Article, 2007).However in recent years, or at least in Spain, there have been efforts to ensure the future of the Basque language; these are mainly through educational choices. In Southern Basque Country, which is under Spanish administration, there are three types of education available to students, and which are chosen according to language choice. 1. Education in Spanish only. 2. Education in both Spanish and Basque. 3. Education in Basque only. In 1991-1992, the figures given for students attending all public, private and religious schools were as follows: The Spanish-only education system totalled 58.3% of students; Spanish and Basque totalle d 19. 5% students; and the Basque-only, totalled some 22. 2% of students (Euskal Herria Journal, Online Article, 2007). In France, however, there have been no attempts at such integration, where the only recognised language is French, and where there is little support for the Basque State. In Northern Basque Country, just 1. 4% of children who attend compulsory full-time education, are able to learn Basque; but that is through Ikastolas, which are nationalist, private schools (Euskal Herria Journal, Online Article, 2007).Protecting Euskera. The language and culture oppression that the Basque’s suffered during the dictatorship of Franco was probably instrumental in the massive resurge of people’s interest in their cultural and language identity. Emphasising language as the symbol that gave a group its uniqueness, and; against the political and social situation of the time, Basque was perceived as the central element in a process of cultural renovation. Distinguishing fr om previous rural cultural manifestations, urban youngsters wanted to show their urban voice and they wanted to do it in Basque.They proved that Basque did not have to be linked only to the rural environment, that Basque was not just â€Å"the farmers’ language,† but rather that it could occupy an important place in the manifestation of modern urban Basque culture’ (University of Deusto, 2007). With recent memories of the Franco Regime, Spain was just coming to terms with her own political, social and culture freedom, and Spanish world views and opinions would have probably been far different from than that of neighbouring France.The introduction of new laws concerning minority languages paved the way for not only Euskera, but also other ethnic tongues. The Basque language was officially recognized in Spain after the Spanish Constitution (1978), and declared in 1979 at the Basque Parliament (BAC) in the Statue of Autonomy. Education was quickly recognised as one of the major ways of protecting and spreading Euskera, and human, legal and financial resources were all, and still are being, used to this effect (Euskal Herria Journal, Online Article, 2007).More than forty years have passed since the start of the program to promote the Basque language, and it is evident that efforts are having positive results. There are reported increases in the amount of bilingual speakers, ‘especially within the younger generations, and due mostly to the introduction of Basque in the education system’ (University of Deusto, 2007), and successful results in adult literacy programs. Achieving such results, when faced with the difficulties of re-introducing a minority language, stand as evidence of the Basque’s determination concerning the continuation of their heritage, language and culture.Conclusion An endangered language is a language headed for extinction. It is a language without monolingual speakers, people who speak only that language (Your Dictionary, Online Article, 2007). If taking the above criteria and applying it to the title of this paper, ‘Is the Basque Language an Endangered Language? ’ the answer would undeniably have to be yes. This is mainly due to the fact that the Basque language is almost without monolingual speakers – but whether the Basque language is headed for extinction, or not, is debatable.At present the Basque language is growing, rather than reducing, due to the effort that has been made be the Basque community, and that does not show any sign of changing. In today’s climate the conservation of heritage, cultures and languages are recognised as vitally important for man, and more effort is being made to ensure their protection – although this still needs to increase. However, globalization is a modern reality and our world is shrinking.Europe is enlarging her boarders, frontiers are opening, and people are crossing in to other countries in the hope of fin ding better situations. As was stated earlier in this paper, immigration is one of the causes of language loss, which in some respects is a natural outcome of a changing world. References Daniel L. Everett, From Threatened Languages to Threatened Lives, Online Article, 2007. http://www. yourdictionary. com/elr/everett. html Euskal Herria Journal, The Basque Language at Home, Online Article, 2007 http://www. ehj-navarre.org/blessons/blt(2). html SIL International, Endangered Language Groups, Online Article, 2007 www. sil. org/sociolx/ndg-lg-home. html Tovar, Antonio (1959). El euskera y sus parientes, p. 144-98, Madrid: Ediciones Minotauro. Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe, 1999. http://www. helsinki. fi/~tasalmin/europe_index. html University of Deusto, Bilbao, Online Document, 2007 www. rci. rutgers. edu/~jcamacho/363/amorrortu. pdf Your Dictionary, Endangered Languages, Online Article, 2007 www. yourdictionary. com/elr/index. html

On-Line Learning: An Innovation to Education Essay

In learning inside the classroom, there are many factors that are being taken into consideration so that the students will learn better. One of these considerations is the environment. It must be conducive for learning so that the students can concentrate and appreciate the lessons better. If they properly absorb what is being taught then they can apply these knowledge in their everyday life. However, if the environment is not conducive for learning, the tendency of students is to focus their mind on something else and not the lesson thus, their ability to grasp things correctly is affected. Learning is dependent on several factors such as motivation, perception and engagement of the learner. These factors in turn, are affected by the experiences of the learner, his learning style and the environment wherein learning is taking place (Hutchinson n. pag. ). Traditionally, learning takes place in the classroom with the teacher in front of the class. The classrooms are designed in such a way that the students will receive the least distraction from the discussion. The classroom setting is what most believes as the most conducive place for learning since the students are not distracted but outside sources. However, this belief has dramatically changed. Research and further studies indicate that classroom learning also has its negative consequences. These negative effects can be attributed to the way the teacher motivates the students to learn. The kind of motivation that the teacher employs is crucial in the absorption of the student of the lessons. However, learning does not only depend on the teacher as there are other factors which may affect the attention of the students to learning such as physical distractions and discomfort, physiological factors, safety and sense of belongingness. If these factors are not addressed to, most likely, the student will have difficulty absorbing the lessons (Hutchinson n. pag. ). A positive environment will make it easy for the student to learn and appreciate the lessons. If the teachers make the students feel that they are a part of something and their presence is important then they will be more encouraged to participate in the discussion. In addition, if the students feel safe then they can focus more on what the teacher is discussing. Another factor which can contribute to better learning is a positive environment wherein the students are encouraged to study and the people mentoring them provide the support that they need. With the developments that have been introduced, the learning environment now is not only limited to the school. The learning environment can be located anywhere, anyplace and at anytime. In every activity, there is always something that the individual learns. In addition, teachers now have transformed the traditional classroom approach to a multidisciplinary and problem based approach, incorporating technology in learning. The multidisciplinary approach allows students to have access to the lessons and through the internet. The new approach made classroom dynamics and rapidity in the change of curriculum obsolete. The tenets of learning now are more focused on problem solving, analyzing relationships and performing activities inside and outside of the classroom (Anstrand and Kirkbride n. pag. ). The multidisciplinary approach has prompted educational institutions to create virtual classrooms or a private online classroom that allows the teachers to interact with their students and assist them in their learning. It can be accessed at any time of the day and any day of the week. Just like an ordinary classroom setting, there are also many activities that take place in a virtual classroom. Among the features that a virtual classroom contains are class activities and class organizations. Class activities include individual and group learning activities, discussions or forums with students and teachers, home works, quizzes, modules and scavenger hunts. Class organizations on the other hand include timetables and the class calendar, overviews, information or announcements and the grade book of the students (the Learning place n. pag). A virtual classroom is a great aid for classroom learning because it tends to supplement what is being learned in the school. It also gives an avenue for the student to have continuous access to the lessons. They need not wait for the class hours before they can ask their teachers questions regarding the lessons. Another innovation to the traditional classroom setting is distance education. According to Schlosser and Simonson (3-4), distance education is a method of education wherein the learner is physically does not need to go to the classroom. He learns on his own using the modules that the teacher provides online. The student will be assessed and taught through the aid of the internet. The student and the teacher do not physically interact with each other. This process has not only made learning convenient but it also allows the students to apply what they are learning in real life settings. This also makes learning flexible because the students are not focused at a specific time for study. They can comply with the requirements of their subject at a time when they feel inspired to learn. They are not forced to do things and learning can yield to better results if the students get to enjoy what they are assigned to finish. This process also allows students who are located in distant places to gain access to the lessons of the teacher or professor without going to school. It saves time and energy both for the teacher and the students. However, this type of learning should not be employed to all students. Virtual classrooms and distance learning are ideally for those who are already in the higher levels of learning and not those who are still starting or are in their kinder school. These children need to be conditioned first and disciplined to perform school tasks. On-line learning is suited for students who possess the necessary study skills and self discipline, have access to internet and comfortable with computers (Kearsley n. pag. ). The effectivity of online learning will depend on the appreciation of the student of the system, the way the teacher prepares the lessons online as well as the learning environment of the student. Just like in the classroom setting, online learning is useless if the student is not able to appreciate it and apply his lessons in real world setting. The reason why these innovations to learning were created is to give the students more avenues to relate their lessons with their experiences. The student must remember that in any type of learning, participation is indispensable. Learning is a two-way process, not one way. There should be interaction between the parties in order to consider it effective. Learning can happen anywhere and at anytime, there need not be a specific place where the student should learn. What is important is the student can apply his experiences, things he has read and learned from educators and more mature individuals to improve the way he deals with life and the things around him. References Anstrand, D. and Kirkbride, E. (2002). â€Å"The Education Environment Program†. Design Share. Retrieved 31 August 2008 from Hutchinson, L. (n. d. ) â€Å"ABC of Learning and teaching Educational Environment†. BMJ. Retrieved 31 August 2008 from http://www. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/326/7393/810 Kearsley, G. (n. d. ). â€Å"Is online Learning for Everybody? † Retrieved 31 August 2008 from Schlosser, L. and Simonson, M. (2006). Distance Education. Charlotte, North Carolina: IAP â€Å"Virtual Classroom†. (n. d. ). The Learning Place. Retrieved 31 August 2008 from

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Coursework Example The two females featured in Bend it like Beckham experience their gender in different ways. Jesminder â€Å"Jess† Bhamra is infatuated with football but her parents who are Indians have forbidden her to play because she is a girl. However, Juliette â€Å"Jules† Paxton parents are okay with it yet she is still a girl. Jess family expect her to have a job that is suitable for ladies her age that’s why she pretends to have a job so that she can play with the Hounslow Harrier a local women’s team. Jules is allowed to follow her passion for female football. Both Jess and Jule’s parents become concerned when these two best friends fight and they fear that their daughters are lesbians thinking that the girls’ disagreement is a lover’s quarrel. All in all, both families expect Jess and Jules to dance at a Sikh wedding in which Jess’ elder sister is getting married. In the fifty years since television became commonplace for western civilization, this one piece of technology has had incredible impact on society and basically revolutionized the way people see themselves and the world around them. The debate as to whether the impact is positive or negative has been taking place since the inception of the TV in the late 1940’s. Television’s potential to connect, educate and inform the public is often overshadowed by the lack of individual responsibility in using this modern-day miracle, therefore causing its impact on society to be viewed as negative. Television provides viewers access to arts, music, religion, new technology and information. Such technology is a venue for inspiration and enrichment and it also allows the viewer to become engaged in issues that have personal and societal implications. Viewers have been able to witness everything from presidential debates to man walking on the moon to wars being fought right in front of them. They have discovered ways to renovate their homes, look

Religious Service Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religious Service - Term Paper Example A case of observation is the name. For Christians, the place of worship is called a church, for Islam a mosque, while for the Buddhist, a temple. It is also evident that the religions have unique symbolic cultures that differentiate them from one another as I observed with Islam when I once attended a religious service. This paper will describe the material and non- material culture of the mosque, a place of a warship by Muslims. Mosque A mosque is a place of worship for the Muslim faithful. It is evident from my observation of Muslim congregation and the mosque building that the design and building materials used in the construction of the place of worship mostly depends on heritage, culture and the resources in the community that hosts the mosque. However, it is noticeable that there are certain architectural features common to all mosques. For instance, the mosque’s parts are practical and show a sense of tradition and continuity among all the Muslims across the globe (Penn ey 10). Common architectural features include a minaret which is a slender tower rising at the top of a mosque (Penney 12). The minaret usually varies in height, number, and style. It may be square, octagonal, or round in shape and are in most cases covered with a pointed roof as noted by Penney (12). In the case of the mosque I attended, I was able to observe that it had a tall, slender and round-shaped minaret (Penney 14). On the minaret, there is a loudspeaker used to sermon people to prayers commonly called adhan (Hephaestus Books 14). The mosque is divided into two sections in which, men and women attend the service in different rooms. However, the services are conducted with the leadership of an Imam who is stationed on men’s side. The dress code is usually a veil gown mostly white in color for men and black for women. Every member of the congregation is required to remove the shoes before entering the mosque and put on the shoe shelf. This is mainly to preserve the cle anliness of the mosque and a sign of humility to God. The shelf is placed near the door to prevent pilling of shoes at the door.

TOYOTA ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

TOYOTA - Assignment Example Such segmentation will thus more closely match particular needs of this specific group of sexual orientation. The segmentation will thus enable even those who are still hesitant to declare the homosexual orientation and hence a need for market strategy based on this group as their needs cannot be satisfied through regular markets. The needs of this particular group will be met as marketers get to understand the exact needs of sexually oriented individuals and target marketing strategy at a specific group (Hondagneu-Sotelo 23). In addition, it would be much easier and successful to establish and promote specific and customized products and services to sexually oriented group. There may be no customized products as only particular group is served and not individuals. In addition, some may argue that sexual orientation marketing will promote immorality and thus it might be faced with difficulties from those opposing sexual orientation

Reality Internet Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reality Internet Assignment - Essay Example First of all, reality television is famous for its unexpected twists (Saade & Borgenicht 14). Indeed, the producers argue that there is no script written for the characters and they are absolutely free in their actions. All this results in the fact that it is virtually impossible to predict what happens in an episode since reality television tries to capture life as it is. Secondly, it is obvious that reality television provides the viewers with the content that they really want to see (Slade 156). In other words, there has been a tendency that shows on television reinforce the conventional values in one way or another; so, people get easily fed up with it. They want to see something that is being condemned by the society, but exists in real life. Finally, it may be important to note that the concept of elitism has long been abandoned by the contemporary media (Wyatt & Bunton 1). In other words, the views do not want to see beautiful looking celebrities on the screen: they are willin g to see ordinary people who are engaged in ordinary activities. That is why reality television fully satisfies this desire and shows that people on the screen and in real life are much alike. It may be quite interesting to learn that reality television was able to influence non reality shows. For example, nowadays, when a talk show features a interview in one of the characters, it is conducted in a manner as if the latter confesses some of the most inner thoughts to the camera. This has a certain effect: the audience is touched by the genuine feelings that are expressed and watches the show with a greater interest. Speaking of an example of a recent popular reality show, one might note The Bachelor. There are several reasons why it has attracted so much attention of the people. To begin with, one might note that it reflects dreams of many people which is marrying a wealthy and successful spouse. That is why when

Advantages and disadvantages of team and individual teaching Article

Advantages and disadvantages of team and individual teaching - Article Example Teaching in a team actually means a group of teachers, decisively working with each other on regular basis to facilitate students in groups in order to acquire knowledge about various subjects. The instructors in team teaching cooperate with one another and make use of the particular skills and abilities of each instructor. This approach of teaching boosts up the student-teacher interaction, allowing both of them to evaluate each other. Contradictory to individual teaching, the goals are set by the consensus of team members and the methods and strategies of teaching are also set by the line of reasoning among the group members, helping to bring about the best of it. (Judson T Shaplin; Henry F Olds, 1964) The students may learn more profoundly by team teaching approach as more than one experts of the very topic defines it with a different approach. It helps to understand the topic from various frames of references. This approach helps to get rid of students-teacher personality problems. Presence of another team mate abates the yoke of work from the teachers and motivates them more towards their profession. Team working distributes the responsibility, encourages creativity, and brings effectiveness in teaching. (Medill Bair; Richard G Woodward, 1964) However, sometimes this approach is not adapted by the experts. Since, groups are not every time as good as we assume them to be. Often, teachers do not prefer to teach in teams, due to different reasons.

Comparisons And Differences In Intention By The 1960s& 1990s Musicians Essay

Comparisons And Differences In Intention By The 1960s& 1990s Musicians - Essay Example He mainly focused on things that touch people around him and then wrote good lyrics or had them written down by good songwriters for him to sing. He was born in Gary in 1958, at a place called Gary, Indiana in the United States. His father, Joseph Jackson was a guitarist but had to give up following his marriage. Michael Jackson had several nicknames e.g. The Gloved One, Wacko Jacko, MJ and King of Pop. Apart from entertaining through singing, he also had dancing skills which gave a trademark. In his black shoes, white socks and trousers above heel, he showcase the moonlight walk style. His hit 'heal the world' resulted to a Foundation which helped collect funds to purchase foods medical supplies to the then war torn Sarajevo, running of immunization drug abuse educational programmes ,paying child's liver transplants in Hungary. He also did 'We are the world' with Lionel Richie, a co-writer and other musicians like Stevie Wonder. The song was a call to everyone in the world to come o ut and give aid to people in Africa. The income generated was used in buying essential necessities for people in Africa mainly. Former America's president Ronald Reagan wanted to award him with a Humanitarian Rights Award together with other two but, a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court advised against the whole idea, saying it was much worthy of a pop star. His music also educated people, black or white was a song done to inform that skin color did not really matter, whether black or white, there was an equal access to rights at that time when there was tension between blacks &whites. Bellie jean was a ballad, telling a story about how a certain guy impregnated a particular lady and later on denied it. These are things that do happen day in day out to people we know in our societies. It plays the role of an eye-opener (Michael Jackson.com, 2008). Using different song themes, a wide range of ideas were spread to all parts of the world.'Beat it' was used in commercials against drunk driving. The intentional was to evoke changes in lifestyles, warn of the likely dangers and the same time bring fun through the classical beats. 'Jacko'as he was sometimes referred to remains to be one of the greatest artists of all times. As a general expectation of a musician, he did perform songs in praise of women who got him charmed such as you rock my world. Michael Jackson was able to achieve a lot through music. He was the first solo artist to have no.1 hits and albums in the billboard charts. As a result this won him fame and recognition globally. He managed to appear in the Guinness Book of Records as one of the best singers/dancer. When the U.S invaded Iraq, MJ decided to do an anti-war song to show his dislike of the act and as well represent others with the same opinion. The song title was we've had enough. Though little was done about the invasion, at least it showed that people were watching or rather following (Michael Jackson.com, 2008). The second artist am going to highlight about is Stevie Wonder, I chose because of his uniqueness and the ability to sing& play an instrument,

Problem solution speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Problem solution speech - Essay Example When an individual records a body mass index that is more than thirty, that person is considered obese according to the obesity society. The Body Mass Index can be calculated by dividing the weight of an individual that is measured in pounds by the height, which is measured in inches, then multiplying the figure that is arrived at by 704.5. Obesity is the product of consuming more calories than the body can be able to utilize and this leads to the body storing the excesses as fat (Wolin and Petrelli 19). Large unnecessary portions and lifestyles that continue to be more sedentary everyday also contribute heavily to the problem of obesity that keeps getting worse. Fast foods such as burgers, pizzas among other food products that have very high calories such as chips that are deep fried and the foods that are sugary are very easy to find and relatively cheap in the United States. These particular foods are also not useful at all as far as nutritional value is concerned therefore, to reduce and ultimately prevent obesity, the United States Surgeon General proposes a diet that is rich in nutrients which abides by the 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines for America. There is also the recommendation that adults should be able to get at least half an hour of exercise in most of the days while the children should exercise for a whole hour. The best ways that an individual can be able to include more activity in their day-to-day lives is through using the stairs instead of the elevator, using parking spaces that are further than the entrances to so that one can walk more and using a push mower as opposed to the power mower. The children should be encouraged to play outside after school instead of sitting idly or watching television so that they can remain active. The burden of finding solutions to the problems that are associated with obesity have

Theme of Indolence Explored in Ode on Indolence Essay Example for Free

Theme of Indolence Explored in Ode on Indolence Essay Question: How is the theme of indolence explored in the poem ode on indolence? Ode on indolence is the praise of indolence/sluggishness; it makes the claim of the attractions of lethargy being more alluring than the attractions of the more active emotions of love, ambition and poetry. It is the admiration of the state of non-doing and non-feeling. The ode is a simple, straight forward story of a man who spends a lazy summer day in a state of numbness and does not want his visions of love, ambition and poesy to disrupt his indolence. These three figures are strikingly contrasted to the condition of indolence. The poetic persona could be Keats himself. The ode begins with the poetic persona seeing three figures one summer morning passing him by in a dream/vision, as if on a marble urn they returned with each turn of the vase. Their description resembles that of pilgrims with bowed necks, and joined hands wearing placid sandals and white robes, they were seen in profile. The figures are called shades and strange, the narrator is confused and cannot identify them. The narrators confusion is shown in the next stanza with the repetition of the questions regarding the identity and the nature of the figures. The word ripe is used to describe his time of idleness; this has positive innuendo and gives the impression of richness. The figures were robbing him of his summer-indolence, they are described as constructing a deep-disguised plot and are said to steal. These terms are negative and show these figures to be menacing or malevolent at least to a slight degree. In contrast indolence is compared to a blissful cloud that favourably makes pain numb and takes its sting away [metaphor], however it also takes the joy away from pleasure or pleasures wreath no flower [metaphor]. The narrator begs the shadows to leave him to his much longed-for nothingness. The term used- shadows insinuates the visions are dark and ominous. The third verse is commenced with yet another question addressing the reason for the figures appearance. His confusion is echoed in the word baffled. His soul is compared to a beautiful lawn strewn with flowers, stirring shades and baffled beams; the sky was clouded but there was no rain, only dew drops called the sweet tears of May. This pristine image of the narrators soul is brought on by the state of inactivity, thus we are made to believe that this state of being is desirable or covetable. He wants to bid farewell to the three shadows. The fourth verse shows the third turn of the urn and brings forth the realisation of the there figures- the fair maid love, ambition pale of cheek with fatigued eye and the maiden most unmeek poesy. Their description has negative connotations; only love is shown in a slightly positive light. In this verse the narrator feels intense urge to follow the three and longed for wings to fly in pursuit of them. Poesy is said to be the most appealing of the three and is called a demon; this could be justified by saying that it is because the narrator finds poesy most difficult to resist and it holds an almost enchantment like hold on him. Keats has expressed his wish to fly on the wings of poesy before in another poem. In the fifth stanza a question is posed to love to establish its elusive nature. Love is also criticised as being fleeting and short-lived and not to mention folly. Ambition on the other hand is condemned as being a mortal emotion that springs from the human heart. From other poems- ode to a nightingale or ode on a Grecian urn- we know that Keats has trouble with mortality and impermanence. And as for poesy, it has not a joy compared to honied indolence- the narrator would rather be devoid of common-sense and spend his drowsy noons numb and listless completely ignorant to the world around him [I may never know how change the moons]. The concluding stanza says adieu to the three and marks their defeat in rousing the narrator from his laziness. He commands the phantoms to vanish and never more return. He banishes them back to the dreamy urn and reduces them to faint visions. But taking into account that the state of indolence as compared to the three visions is hardly mentioned, it is not very convincing that the poetic persona prefers indolence over his other temptations [especially after reading some of his other poems]. It does however come across that he is trying to deny his passions even to himself.

Front suspension system of motorcycle

Front suspension system of motorcycle CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS The main aim of this project is to Design and analyse of a front suspension system of motorcycle. The designing and modelling of the fork is done using Pro-Engineer (wildfire-4) and Stress analysis is undertaken by Ansys 11 softwares. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To get aware of deformations caused due to application of brakes to the fork of the front suspension system; To demonstrate detailed view of functioning of fork ; To show existence of various kind of front suspension systems used in motorcycles; Evolution of front suspension systems; To verify the benefits and the flaws of different front suspension systems, used right from the old age to modern age; To illustrate how the motorcycle keeps its balance and analyzing the factors that come into play while riding; Application of vibration modes, on suspension system of a motorcycle while riding. 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOTORCYCLE FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM A Motorcycle front fork connects a wheel and axle to its frame, by way of a pair of triple trees. The bike is steered by handle bars which are attached to the triple tree and also brake is provided to retard or stop the acceleration of the bike. There are loads of critical geometric parameters such as ‘Rake and ‘Trail which are establish by the fork and its attachment points on the frame, which usually play for handling and riding and dives as well during braking. Telescopic forks The term ‘Telescopic forks is defined because the tubes slide in and out of the body they are ‘Telescoping. The upper portion generally called as ‘Fork tubes (Male tubes) slides inside the fork bodies (Female tubes), which are lower part of the forks. Over more than century years of motorcycle improvement, different variety of front form arrangements have been attempted but some of them are still remain available nowadays. The most common form of front suspension for motorcycle now days are the ‘Telescopic fork Nimbus was the first manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks in 1934.Early front suspension designs were used frames with springs. Greeves, a British manufacturer used a version of swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross design and also a single sided version suspension system is used in motor scooters such as the Vespa. Suspension system is equipped with large hydraulic shock absorbers with internal coil springs. The main work of the shock absorbers is to allow the front wheel to react to imperfections in the road while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion. The Upper part (Top yoke) of the forks is connected to the motorcycles frame in triple tree clamp, which allows the forks to be turned while steering the bike. The Lower part (Bottom yoke) is fixed to the front axle around which front wheel rotates. The fork tubes should be smooth and mirrored finish, so as to seal the fork oil. Some fork tubes found on the off-road motorcycles are covered with plastic protective sleeves called as ‘Gaiters. The forks are constructed either of the conventional ‘right-side-up or sliding -female configuration, or the ‘Upside-down or Sliding -male configuration. In Both the cases, a cylindrical tube or piston sided axially within the cylindrical cylinder. Trail and Rake: ‘Trail is the measurement, on the ground, from a point which is projected through steering axis to the centre of the tyres contact patch below the axle. Trail determines the self centring stability of the steering as well. The triple clamps provide good lateral offset that the forks clear the sides of the front tyre. Usually Triple clamps are introduced to provide some measure of longitudinal offset as well, to alter the trail. Trail impacts directly on the steering stability of the motorcycle and its ‘return-to-center force. The trail is much affected by rake .Rake is defined as the angle between the vertical and steering axis. The steeper rake reduces the trail and trail itself is also affected by the longitudinal fork offset. More offset decreases the trail. The trail is also affected by axle offset. The trail increases in the case if the axle is coupled to the forks in front of their centre. Ride height: Sometimes rider desires to increase or decrease trail to change the steering feel so as to improve steering swiftness, or to eliminate high-speed shake, or to reduce a front end push. Ride height is simply defined as the forks extending up through the triple clamp. Decreasing the ride height by raising the forks farther through triple clamps in reality steepens the rake, which results in decreasing the trail. Alter in trail causes the effects to the rider to his ride height adjustments. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Motorcycles were first developed out of the bicycle frame, which certainly is rigid. Suspension systems were progressed over the years after critical researchers to filter out ground disturbances in more efficient ways. CHAPTER 3: 3.2 FORK FUNCTIONING: The weights are transmitted from inner tube to the outer tube or vice versa through the slider bushes which are placed between the two tubes. The bushes used for the good fork are critical because it should have a very low coefficient of friction as well as mounting tolerance. The system smoothness is totally dependent upon the friction forces developed during sliding movements as well as on the amount of stiction.The stiction is at maximum at â€Å"Moto incipiente â€Å",,When the initiation of the movement occurs between the surfaces. This stage is called as static friction. In Designing and fabrication of the slider bushes, the problem of sliding friction always stand for a weak point in the front fork of the vehicle. If we compare it, for example, to the rear suspension in which there is practically no sliding due to the displacements consists of rotations around the bearings. The suspension settings can be achieved by the stiffness of the spring, as well as the damping provided by the hydraulic part, to which is added the resistance given by the sliding friction. It is difficult to predict what the suspension behaviour operates and its proper functioning is taking cared by the availability of friction. In the design stage, limiting friction forces require that the loads on the bushes be minimized, boosting movement of the unit. When the fork is extended fully, only a small segment of the slider tube enters inside the sleeve. Hence at this stage its overlap is reduced to a minimum. This is also constitutes the least rigid configuration of the whole system. At the end of the travel, as a substitute of the fork tube overlap extreme therefore maintaining the stiffness. 3.3 FORK STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS: Certain forces acts on the fork leg while the vehicle is in motion. Two cases can be considered which helps us to derive fork stresses as well as deformation. They are (i) Fork flexure due to vertical loads: The flexure due to vertical loads involves the stresses which act on by weight of the motorcycle plus rider. Also stresses tend to develop due to road surface irregularities such as through potholes, steps ridges, etc. Actually these stresses are considered negligible for example, If we travel in the city at The ‘Moment of flexure or ‘Bending moment is generated when the vertical load is finally applied to the wheel. The moment of flexure or bending moment gradually increases as the fork is inclined. When with the same force applied, the bending moment will reach to the maximum in the case of fork extended fully and vice versa the bending moment will be minimum with the maximum compression. Therefore the values vary as the changes occur in the arm of the force applied. The stresses are less when the slider bushes are closer to the wheel spindle and are expected to function better. When the rider passing over dip holes in the ground in the road surface, the vertical loads can attempt very high values, hence the frame structure has to be stiff enough to avoid excessive deformation and simultaneously it should have the capability to absorb all the immediate bumps whenever the suspension bottoms out. At the front end the area, steering head tube receives the heavy stress .whereas, at the rear end connecting rods as well as the shock mounting come under the greater stress. When the motorcycle is stationary, the load values that appear during normal use are two to three times as big as static loads which are normally acting on the wheels. If we consider a medium powered street bike which is kindly moving on a bumpy road with a high speed and if the wheel bounce on hole then the stress exerted on the structure may be hundred of kilos or more. Maximum load values can take place when the off-street bikes jumps and cross over the obstacles. (ii) Fork flexure due to braking force: As it is the known fact that when braking force is applied to the wheel, then it is obvious to the wheel, experiencing the deformations upon different circumstances of road. In this case, Bending will greater as the length of the fork is high. The highly noticeable point of interest is that the deformation due to vertical forces is opposite to the deformation due to the braking force. In the previous case we observed that, during braking, because of the weight transfer effect, the front load increases; i.e. there cant be a braking force without an increase in vertical load. When the brakes are applied to the bike then some strong longitudinal forces are created, giving rise to bending moment that gets stronger as it rises from the ground to the steering head tube, finally transmitted to the whole frame. The steering head tube experiences the strongest moment. The steering head tube is the point with the least depth of section, which is the major plane of stress. Due to this considerations observed, detailed research and study has undergone to give the actual design dimensions of the whole steering tube. On this part of flexure happens during the big thrust of acceleration would definitely cause trail variation. When the braking stress dies out for example; when entering a corner, there would be an annoying elastic rebound action in response. Meanwhile the rear fork doesnt experience much stress during braking as front fork does. The above two effects (i) Flexure due to vertical load as well as (ii) Flexure due to braking force will certainly oppose each other and within the deceleration range of characteristics of motorcycle, depending upon Cg height, wheel base and fork inclination. In general fork flexing during braking is not as severe as one might think. Deformation due to torsional forces: The twisting forces which derived are as follows The alignment is poor between the fork axis and equilibrium forces; The components of equilibrium forces perpendicular to the fork axis and out of alignment with it; The couple which applied by the rider to the steering head. The resultant deformation is said to be very harmful for handling because the wheel does not respond properly according to the direction of control set by the rider of the vehicle. Effect of deformation on functionality: It is clear straight away that the presence of fork deformation makes the proper sliding inside one another more complex to the point of potentially impeding it. When the bike is in motion, the deformation is at highest at most critical circumstances such as brake application and corner entry. 3.4 DIFFERENT DESIGN TYPES OF FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM Telescopic forks are mainly classified into two kinds which are used in practical applications in daily routine life. They are Traditional or standard which is equipped with an internal tube, the one with smaller diameter in the upper postion, fixed to the frame. Upside Down or Inverted which is equipped with internal tube in the lower position, which is fixed to the frame. The hydraulic as well as elastic fundamentals of these kinds can be simply comparable in order to know the different responses of the same motorcycle equipped with two distinct types of forks. There are some manufacturers whom have created a ‘Cartridge containing the hydraulic part which can be easily mounted onto each of the applications being tested. The first telescopic fork prototypes was designed right after the Second World War, were laid out with little attention as to whether they were in traditional or upside down form. In the sixties, the majority of the forks produced was traditional type whereas Upside down design came into the existence at the beginning of the eighties. The upside down design was popularised back into circulation of sport bike applications. Contrast between Traditional and Upside Down form of telescopic forks: Benefits of Tradional form: Less number of components, given that the wheel attachments and axle lug derive directly out of lower stanchion which also keeps weight down; Unsprung mass weight is slightly reduced; Tubes slides in areas that are more protected from bumps and dirt. Benefits of Upside down form: It has superior torsional stiffness with the same weight, where the tube has larger diameter and is positioned in upper area, which deals with greater stress from the bending moment; Strong attachment between the tubes and the triple clamps which have large tube diameters. The above comparison between the two applications says that one is absolutely better than other. So, in this case upside down layout presents more advantages in the terms of stiffness which makes ideal for some sport-oriented applications. Both the applications Traditional as well as Upside down forks are characterized by Different stiffnesss; Different weight distribution; Different values of unsprung weight; Different center of gravity heights between the steering and the ground; Different values of inertia around the steering head axis. There are some other types of unconventional fork types and can be classified into the groups. They are Swinging front fork or Pivoted; Parallelogram linkage or Girders; Straight line slider guides; Paralever linkage. a) Swinging front fork : This type of fork was especially used on the earliest bike models and it is a very simple construction solution. In practical, it reproduces the geometry of the rear fork, along with a n arm that usually rests on a fulcrum which is placed on the steering column, making the fork rotate in one piece along with the steering head. Depending upon whether the arm is compressed or extended during braking, leading link or trailing link front forks are discovered. In both the cases of the forks, the layout may be seen to be symmetrical to the head angle with two arms or it may consist of only one arm. For scooter models, Pivoted front fork suspension is adopted, but they are almost rare when coming to high performance vehicles. The main characteristics of swinging front fork suspension system are as follows. In Smoothness ,They are very smooth when the rotations are assured by rolling bearings eliminating stiction; When the matter comes to design construction, the stiffness may be better or sometimes worst. The connecting rod linkage systems have never been used to gain progressive rates; it is easy enough to obtain progressive spring rather. The inertia is high around the steering axis and the unsprung masses have moderate weights which are totally dependent upon the type of construction used for the forks If we compare both leading link as well as trailing link, it will be the great point of interest. Leading link: In mid 1950s, the world champion Moto Guzzis which are the best handling racing machines of their period, were installed with leading link. The leading link consist of a tubular or pressed steel structure which connects the steering column in the link pivots and slot in for the suspension struts. The links appear to be independent or formed by a single U-shaped loop around the back of the wheel. In the case of the links separation, their resistance to independent movement as in the type of telescopic fork, depends upon the rigidity if their attachment to the wheel. If the wheel has large- diameter spindle then it also haves large wheel bearing and the most convenient and efficient method is a loop behind the wheel and a smaller -diameter spindle. Benefits of leading fork are as follows Quality of detail design Possibility of greater rigidity. Greater stability on the fork Precise control over the steering. The lack of stiction enhances the sensitivity to the small undulations and also any degree of anti -dive under heavy braking. The wheel has precise path which usually depends on the relative heights of the wheel spindle and link pivots. Because of the curve shaped, these forks are highly unsuited for the large movements which are usually used on modern off road machines. In the leading link during braking the anti-dive behaviour can be seen. The anti dive behaviour tries to extend the suspension, in the case of application of braking force that is applied to the fork .The Anti -dive behaviour can be prevented by fixing brake calliper to a torque arm which is connected to the steering. In this case, spontaneous center of rotation may be positioned so as to create anti-dive behaviour. Trailing link: The trailing link differs from that of leading link in many ways like the link pivots of the wheel spindle are ahead, not behind. The demerit of this kind of fork is higher steering inertia, since the bulk of the mass is relatively far from the steering axis, which has an effect that partially offset by the smaller amount of material required to reach the pivots. In the trailing link during braking, the pro-dive effect occurs which is quite similar to the traditional fork .In this case as well brake torque arm will be introduced along with fixing brake callipers in order to get the proper effect when braking. b) Parallelogram linkage or Girders: Girder forks are widely used now a days which is also considered for their excellent steering. Due to friction dampers, the performance was generally limited and very crude by current hydraulic standards. The links which operates the suspension system were short and due to this kind of forks are very much suitable for small amount of suspension movement. One of the forks namely Vincent â€Å"Girdaulic† was most sophisticated. It consists of light -alloy blades and one-piece upper as well as lower link assemblies. The trail for this fork was readily adjustable. Springs were adjusted in the long telescopic tubes, behind the uprights, but the hydraulic damper was separate, mounted in front of the head stock. The lateral stiffness was boosted by a plate which will bridge the front of the blades. Hydraulic damping is employed against suspension movement and also to damp out steering excursions, a damper was used. The most recently released linkage designs comes under this category. The main characteristics of the parallelogram linkage are as follows The smoothness of the fork is outstanding, since sliding friction is substituted by rolling friction i.e. Sliding movements are kindly replaced by rotations around the roller bearings; It has got adequate amount of stiffness enhanced by the design construction; The progressive rate of the suspension can be incorporated; The trajectory control is excellent which is highly dependent on type of fork used. It is possible to have different types of wheel trajectories with the help of parallelogram linkage system. The trajectory can be considered perpendicular to the ground, maintaining the same wheel base, or to obtain certain degree of anti-dive it may be inclined forward, in the beginning phrase. The trail control is good. In this case, it is highly possible to create constant trail geometry with varying travel .It can be increased or decreased according to riding behaviour of the vehicle. Depending upon the fork design, the unsprung weigh could be less but the net weight of the suspension remains constant. The most popular design solutions used in automotive industry are as follows Solution (a): In this type of solution, the fork legs are allowed longer along with mounting brake callipers. Like single sided rear fork, the links that hold the wheel can also be asymmetrical. The steering is controlled by positioned links. Solution (b): It is rarely employed and characterized by high steering masses and substantial inertia, less bulk and steering control is high. Section (c): This type is rarely employed. The leg length is reduced to make large wheel travel. Kinematic loads will be large with such a short fork legs. Solution (d): This kind of solution is generally employed for light motorcycles and has been introduced right after the Second World War. The steering control is good but it imposes limits on the steering mass size and on trajectories available to the wheel. Because the links are located at certain altitude, the stresses on the links due ot the forces are very tough. Solution (e): This kind of solution has been introduced in most advanced applications. In general, it unites all the advantages offered by girder solutions. When it comes to design of the fork, it experiences some drawbacks in the terms of the looks. The horizontal arms have to be long enough to allow the wheel to be steered. Due to this factor, it could be a strong limit the maximum steering angle value, which usually restricting the use of this solution to the street bikes. The links controls the steering; offering the possibility to position the shock absorber in areas that make the mountings powerful and fabrication is easy. Through connecting rod system, the steering control may be easily constructed. Solution (f): This solution is quite similar to the solution (e), but it does not allow offset of the wheel with respect to the steering head axis or zero offset. Due to the large diameter bearings in order to house the steering kingpin, the wheel hub center becomes complicated. (c) Straight -line slider guides: Straight-line slider guides are especially regarded by the same geometry as the rear fork when speaking about the controlling the trajectory of the point O point and trail are concerned. Practically, the cylindrical slider is replaced by a straight line slider but of rolling type. The classic shock absorber is represented as the damping element in this case, while rolling guide bearings are similar to ones used for highly developed mechanical machining work. The Advantages of Straight-line slider guides are as follows à ¼ It enhances better smoothness; à ¼ It hails limited play as well as has got good stiffness; The limitations of straight-line slide guides are as follows The main problem is difficulty in positioning the two disc brakes Asymmetry-it gives rise to bothersome moment around the steering axis. (d) Paralever linkage This type of solution is generally considered as a corrupted parallelogram linkage system because, the upper linking bar is missing and also the suspension function is done by a slider derived from intermediary part that becomes a sort of fork. Advantages of paralever linkage system are as follows: The sliding motion in this case is simpler when compare it to standard fork The transmission ratio is 1:1 in this case as the steering is directly connected to the tubes. Limitations of Paralever linkage are as follows: It is more mechanically complex than a traditional fork and generally bulky due to the presence of horizontal arm. (e) Mechanical anti-dive system: In the field of racing, mechanical anti-dive type fork systems have been introduced to limit their tendency to front end dive. In this case, By means of a series of links, the braking force sustained by the brake calliper is transferred to the chasis, opposing its tendency to dive. The mechanical anti-dive system has been not recognised universally because of the following problems incurred. Making of brake callipers is difficult in this case which mounts rigid enough, with possible braking power loss and aswell as formation of micro-vibrations. The systems weight is high Moment of inertia is increased over the steering masses Less amount of effort have made in vehicles handling. (f) Hydraulic anti-dive system: Mechanical anti dive system has been replaced by hydraulic-anti system. Hence they are increasingly rare. The hydraulic anti-system is totally based on the hydraulic braking usually when the brakes are applied, by blocking the passages. When the hydraulic brakes are made too strong thus it becomes difficult to absorb small irregularities in the road surface, especially during the complex way of entering the corner of the road. CHAPTER 4: STRAIGHT LINE MOTION The topic straight line motions deals with How the motorcycle keeps its balance analyzing the factors that come into play which can simply help the rider to maintain the motorcycle in a vertical and stable position while travelling. The factors that are responsible for maintaining the straight line motion path are Inertia effects Gyroscopic effects Righting effects. 4.1 INERTIA EFFECTS The product if mass multiplied by the velocity of a body gives the quantity of motion of the body. Due to greater value of this is, the less influence external forces will have on trajectory. For example, lets assume that a motorcycle is travelling at high speed such as 100km/h then the vehicle also attains a velocity of 10 km/h perpendicular to the original trajectory as shown in fig a. If the motorcycle moves at slower speed of 10km/h, then the same component velocity influenced by the gust of wind brings variation in the direction of travel as shown in fig b. Hence as the velocity increases, small directional variations orthogonal to original direction will bring smaller angular variation. Therefore, now we can state that the greater the forward velocity, the more difficult is to move the vehicle from its initial straight-line trajectory. The same concept can be applied to mass like heavier a body is; the more it resists changes to its speed and direction. In the figure, Vint = initial velocity Vres = resultant velocity dV = variation in velocity ÃŽ ± = angular variation in velocity. 4.2 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS: When every time a body spins rapidly on its axis and simultaneously is to set into rapid spin around a second axis is referred as gyroscopic effects or a moment that eventually acts around a third axis perpendicular to the other two. In routine life, gyroscopic effects can be seen for example, a spinning of bicycle wheel in between ones hands illustrates gyroscopic effect. If the wheel is set to keep axially parallel to it and raise and lower the wheel straight up and down then we can notice no opposing action on our hands. Hence it can be said that the opposing vertical force is needed to perform the action will never be more than the weight of the wheel itself. Now in the next trial if the axis of the wheel is turned in clockwise motion around vertical axis, as if we were holding the steering handlebars. In this case, we will notice that our arms are affected by a couple that tends to rotate them around the longitudinal axis. From the following experiment, certain conclusions can be drawn Gyroscopic effects will be more when the wheel rotates faster The intensity of the reaction will differ obviously, if the axis is tilted faster or slower. 4.3 RIGHTING EFFECTS: The parameter righting effects is profoundly influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the steering unit of the motorcycle. The correct combination of these factors gives positive results for the awareness of stability. Righting effects can be depend upon the following phenomenons Steering axis Rake angle (Castor) Trail 4.3.1 Steering axis: Regardless of structure of motorcycle suspension they are characterized by a front wheel suspension by a front wheel steering, because front wheel is free to rotate around the axis which is called as steering axis. In general, the steering axis in the bicycles is referred as Head angle and is measured clockwise from the horizontal when viewed from right hand side. A 90 ° head angle would be vertical. For example a 2007 Filmore, which was designed for the track with a head angle, varies right from 72.5  ° to 74  °, depending upon frame structure and size. 4.3.2 Rake angle: In the case of front suspension, it is very easy to identify steering axis especially in the telescopic fork because the steering axis coincides with the axis of the guide bearings inside the slider around which the fork rotates. This steering axis is present in all automotive type suspensions is inclined with respect to the vertical angle known as Rake angle. Rake angle is measured usually in degrees from zero. Inclination of rake angle (ÃŽ µ): If we increase the angle of the steering axis then we should also increase the value of trail. Usually the steeper the inclination of the rake angle, the motorcycle tends to be more stable directionally. Some grand prix bikes meant for competitive or sports oriented uses smaller rake angles such as little as 21 ° rake angle. custom made bikes have modified a steeper rake angle beginning from 28 ° and reaching 40 °. 4.3.3 Trail: The Trail of the front suspension system is defined as the distance between the point of intersection of the axis with the ground and the contact point of the front wheel w

Work Injured Employees Essay -- Injury Accidents Labor Papers

Work Injured Employees Accidents happen all the time and can happen to anyone. When an accident happens on the job, the employee has rights concerning his or her care. Employees also have responsibilities when injured. This paper discusses what is considered on-the-job injuries of employees., the rights of these injured Second employees and the supervisors who must investigate the accidents that occur to cause them. Third, the responsibilities of both the employee and the supervisor when an accident occurs. There will also be sections on types of injuries that occur, and how to prevent them from happening. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is discussed and the actions taken by the agency. Finally, there are sections on discrimination of injured employees, and how to manage light duty personnel. If an employee who has an accident while on the clock at work becomes injured, it is considered an on-the-job injury. This can happen when at the facility where the employee works, while driving for the job, or in some other aspect where the employee is working for their organization. This also includes working at other sights where that organization is engaged in a common enterprise as the employees organization. Examples of such workers include contractors, and truck drivers. Employees, and managers have responsibilities when an employee is injured while working. When an employee is injured it is up to that employee to report the incident to the manager that is on duty at the time of the injury. Each organization has different policies on the exact handling of their employees and it is the responsibility of the managers to know what to do when an injury occurs. Each state has a set of regulations that empl... ...epetitive Injury; Opposition by GOP, Business Cited." 06/13/1995. P. D01. Squires, S. "Study Traces More Deaths to Working Than Driving; Using Wider Criteria, Researchers Find Job-Related Mortality Rate Is 10 Times Official Figure." The Washington Post. 08/31/1990. P. A07. Suplee, C. "House to Consider ‘Ergo Rider’ Restraints on OSHA." The Washington Post 07/11/1996. P. A04. Swoboda, F. "Repetitive Motion Injury Cases Soar." The Washington Post. 12/22/1994. P. B10. Szekely, P. "OSHA Urges Safey Steps At Riskiest Workplaces." The Washington Post. 04/27/1999. P. A15. Thompson, L. "Job Dissatisfaction Increases Likelihood of Back Injury." The Washington Post. 03/05/1991. P. Z05. Washington Post, The. "Odd Jobs." 12/29/1991. P. H02. Yang, J. E. "Rider on Repetitive Stress Injuries Defeated." The Washington Post. 07/12/1996. P.A20. Work Injured Employees Essay -- Injury Accidents Labor Papers Work Injured Employees Accidents happen all the time and can happen to anyone. When an accident happens on the job, the employee has rights concerning his or her care. Employees also have responsibilities when injured. This paper discusses what is considered on-the-job injuries of employees., the rights of these injured Second employees and the supervisors who must investigate the accidents that occur to cause them. Third, the responsibilities of both the employee and the supervisor when an accident occurs. There will also be sections on types of injuries that occur, and how to prevent them from happening. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is discussed and the actions taken by the agency. Finally, there are sections on discrimination of injured employees, and how to manage light duty personnel. If an employee who has an accident while on the clock at work becomes injured, it is considered an on-the-job injury. This can happen when at the facility where the employee works, while driving for the job, or in some other aspect where the employee is working for their organization. This also includes working at other sights where that organization is engaged in a common enterprise as the employees organization. Examples of such workers include contractors, and truck drivers. Employees, and managers have responsibilities when an employee is injured while working. When an employee is injured it is up to that employee to report the incident to the manager that is on duty at the time of the injury. Each organization has different policies on the exact handling of their employees and it is the responsibility of the managers to know what to do when an injury occurs. Each state has a set of regulations that empl... ...epetitive Injury; Opposition by GOP, Business Cited." 06/13/1995. P. D01. Squires, S. "Study Traces More Deaths to Working Than Driving; Using Wider Criteria, Researchers Find Job-Related Mortality Rate Is 10 Times Official Figure." The Washington Post. 08/31/1990. P. A07. Suplee, C. "House to Consider ‘Ergo Rider’ Restraints on OSHA." The Washington Post 07/11/1996. P. A04. Swoboda, F. "Repetitive Motion Injury Cases Soar." The Washington Post. 12/22/1994. P. B10. Szekely, P. "OSHA Urges Safey Steps At Riskiest Workplaces." The Washington Post. 04/27/1999. P. A15. Thompson, L. "Job Dissatisfaction Increases Likelihood of Back Injury." The Washington Post. 03/05/1991. P. Z05. Washington Post, The. "Odd Jobs." 12/29/1991. P. H02. Yang, J. E. "Rider on Repetitive Stress Injuries Defeated." The Washington Post. 07/12/1996. P.A20.

Age-Related Vision Loss and Driver Safety Issues :: Optometry Vision Sight Driving Essays

Age-Related Vision Loss and Driver Safety Issues With dramatic increases in the number of motor vehicles on public roadways in this century, driving safety is an issue that affects every one of us. Most Americans rely on the use of personal motor vehicles as their primary means of transportation, and must put themselves at risk every day. The risk of a motor vehicle accident increases when our perceptive skills are degraded in any way. Such is the case with alcoholic intoxication, impairment from the use of narcotics, and loss of perceptual accuracy due to any biological reason. One of the many issues in current debate with regards to motor vehicle safety is that of the growing numbers of elderly drivers on public roadways and the perceptual problems they may encounter with age. Age-related vision loss is becoming a more prevalent issue in roadway safety. Most states require a simple form of vision testing in order to become a licensed driver. These tests are rapidly being seen as inadequate, and in need of revision. Some state s do not at all require a vision test to become licensed to drive. Currently, the states not requiring vision tests for license renewal include: Alabama, Connecticut, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia. These states could cut the accident rate in people over age 60 by 12 percent, if they would simply utilize testing procedures (N.S., 1999). In this paper, issues facing the aging driver, and possible solutions to ensure safe roadways for the public as a whole, will be explored. The average driverà ­s age is steadily increasing. Census estimates show that by the year 2020, approximately 50 million people over the age of 65 will be eligible to drive on public roadways (Cobb & Coughlin, 1998). With a significant increase in the number of people likely to be affected by age-related vision loss, society may need to re-evaluate vision standards for license testing. It is standard practice for a motor vehicle bureau to test only visual acuity. This practice does not take into consideration perceptually impairing factors encountered in driving such as glare or fog (Voelker, 1999). The lack of adequate visual testing is commonplace in all states that test vision ability. It has been found however, states that at least test for visual acuity during license renewal have approximately 12 percent less automobile accident deaths among older drivers (Voelker, 1999).

JP Morgan Chase Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of how JP Morgan Chase, the biggest U.S. bank, announced trading losses from the decision make by its Chief Investment Office in the amount of $5.8 billion. It will also discuss actions taken by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the misconduct on the part of JP Morgan Chase. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Takes Action I would like to begin by briefly explaining the purpose and mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The SEC was designed to protect investors, maintain, fair, orderly, and efficient markets and to facilitate capital formation. The SEC requires public companies to disclose significant and meaningful financial information to the public in order to guarantee security within the U.S. Federal prosecutors and the securities regulators filed charges against the Chief Investment Office (CIO) consisting of two JP Morgan Chase traders for the massive trade losses totaling $5.8 billion. The employees were charged with conspiracy, wire fraud, falsifying financial records and making false filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Securities and Exchange Commission simultaneously filed a corresponding civil complaint in which the agency signaled it would hold the bank accountable for disclosing inaccurate information to investors about the trading. Elements of Valid Contract – Good Faith and Fair Dealing in Banking Relationships Chapter 7 of The Legal Environment describes the element of what is contained in a valid contract. â€Å"Every contract contains and implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in its performance that imposes on each party a duty not to do anything that will deprive the other party of the benefits of the agreement. (The Legal Environment, (2013), p.190). I feel it is important for both consumers and bank to ensure they are acting in accordance with good faith and fair dealing. With complete understanding, the banks are ensuring they are doing everything necessary to conduct business with its consumers. As long as banks act in accordance with the terms of a contract or agreement, they should have contented with the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Intentional and Negligent Tort Actions An intentional tort transpires when an individual intentionally causes damage or injury to another person their property. Some examples are abuse, kidnapping or assault. A negligent tort transpires when an individual causes damage or injure to another without the intent to do so. An example of this would be a car accident or if someone accidentally slips, falls and becomes injured. Interference with Contractual Relations, Participating in Breach of Fiduciary Duty – The tort of interference with contractual relations protects the rights of a legally binding contract and requires the intent to interfere if such agreement has been breached. In the case of JP Morgan Chase I would be able to succeed based on the fact that the act of intentional tort action was carried out. The employees of JP Morgan Chase intentionally falsified financial records and committed the act of fraud. Protection of Online Banking In today’s world of online banking, the technology is simply an amazing necessity. Wells Fargo, for instance has â€Å"implemented firewalls, anti-malware defenses, password encryptions, application security testing and activity monitoring†. This provides a great deal of comfort to the consumer in ensuring their banking information and online account is protected. As an added measure, I feel banks should take that extra measure in continuing to be innovative by implementing new and diverse solutions to protect online banking. References: McKoy, Kevin, (2013) USA Today Bernstein, Harry, (2009). Negligence and Intentional Tort Law Douglas, Danielle, (2012). Banks Layer up on Security to Protect Customers. The Washington Post

Medieval Medicine – comparing Muslim and Catholic knowledge and treatment of disease and infection

The Muslim faith have helped the treatments of disease and infection for many years now some of their herbal remedies are even used today the way they have helped everyone through the years They have an interest in care that comes from the Koran which states that it is good to help someone In need. The Catholic church has this but the Catholic church is more of a hotel than a hospital because only 10% of their hospitals actually care for the sick Also in their culture to be a good knight you had to be able to read and write and some knight’s created library’s. At this time in England to be a good knight you had to be able to joust and be good at fighting. But 1 of the most important things the Muslims did that the Catholics didn’t do is collect Greek texts from writers like Hippocrates and Galen. The reason this is so good is because not all the anatomy stuff was right that the Greeks wrote but a lot of their herbal remedies and cures were right. At the same time we were carving crosses in people’s heads the Muslims were curing people with actual cures. Question 2 out of 2 Both the religions Catholic and Muslim have been a great influence to the treatments of disease and infection because even though in the Catholic hospitals it was monks and nun’s curing the patients they did have some good herbal cures that had been passed down from generation to generation. The Catholic did have its bad side because it was monks and nurses curing the sick most of their cures were supernatural and only 10% of Catholics hospitals were actually built to cure the sick 47% housed the poor and elderly(they provided no medical care)31% of Catholic hospitals were leper hospitals (which provided no medical care) and the other 12% of hospitals gave shelter to poor travellers and pilgrims. The hospitals back then were not the same as hospitals today. There were a lot of good things about Muslim hospitals that were not in Catholic hospitals for example their hospitals gave a high proportion of hospital care also the hospitals were more purposefully built for example some of the bigger Muslim hospitals in cities like Cairo and Baghdad had hospitals with a big ward, libraries, rooms for resting, and a proper kitchen so they could give their patients a proper diet.The most important thing the Muslims did that the Catholics didn’t do was they had proper doctors at the hospital and in the bigger hospitals they even had lecture’s so they could train medics. Also both the religions did have some similarities like both of their religions disallowed dissection and because of that surgery was not considered a useful skill to have. Also both of the religions thought that theories were more important than practical procedures but one very bad thing both the religions did wrong was allow no criticism of Galen. Many doctors throughout the years of Galen’s rule over medical knowledge tried to demonstrate new theories and some of their theories were actually right, but those doctors were shut down and thought of as lunatics because no one was allowed to question Galen and his methods. In conclusion I think that the religion that had the most impact on the treatments of infection and disease was the Muslim religion because they used more actual cures and remedies unlike the Christian church that mostly used supernatural remedies.

Critical Lens Essay on the book Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

â€Å"We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented.† That quote is from Elie Wiesel in his Nobel Peace Prize Speech. I agree with the quotation. In the story Night by Elie Wiesel, many elements correspond to the quote and to the idea of silence and complicity. Wiesel says in his book that many different people were silent because they were not directly affected by the Holocaust, and thought that if they did something to try to stop it, then they themselves would get hurt. He also explained how people like Moshe the Beadle and other characters in Night who were humiliated by fellow Jews did not believe that the Holocaust was occurring. Overall, the Jews, God, and the German citizens were all silent during the Holocaust. Their silence encouraged the Nazis to gain strength and reach the magnitude of eventually massacring six million Jews. â€Å"I did not move. I was afraid,† (37) said the character Eliezer in Night. That quote refers to when his father is beaten at the concentration camp and Eliezer just stood there watching it and doing nothing to stop it. The setting of the story Night takes place in a small town of Transylvania in 1941. To this day Wiesel still feels guilty about his inaction. The silence of the victims and the lack of resistance to the Nazi threat is one way in which neutrality and silence helps the tormentors, or in this case the Nazis and never the victims who were the Jews. Even when Eliezer was being led to the fire pit and thought he was going to die, he did not try to run or escape. In the concentration camps, the Jews greatly outnumbered the Nazi soldiers. Maybe if they revolted then even though many would die in the attempt, many could still escape and the number of people who died would be insignificant to the amount of Jews who died when they did not rise up together. It is implied throughout the text that silence and passivity are what allowed the Holocaust to continue. Wiesel’s writing of Night is itself an attempt to break the silence, to tell loudly and boldly the new generation of people about the atrocities of the Holocaust. He feels that people need to know so that they can find out the warning signs and prevent anything so horrible from ever happening again. â€Å"Where is God? Where is He?† (61) someone behind Eliezer asked. This quote  from Night refers to when a child is hung in front of all the Jewish prisoners to scare them into behaving. â€Å"For more than half an hour the child in the noose stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes. And we had to look him full in the face. He was still alive when I passed in front of him. His tongue was still red, his eyes were not yet glazed.† (62) Behind Eliezer, he heard the same man as who said the above quotation asking: â€Å"Where is God now?† (62) And Wiesel heard a voice within himself say: â€Å"Where is He? Here He is–He is hanging here on this gallows. . . .† (62) Those quotes show that God was also silent during the Holocaust. It is the idea of God’s silence that Eliezer finds most troubling. Eliezer’s point of view during the story Night changes from not questioning why he prays, to believing that God is dead and does not care about him or any other person on earth. When a man asks, â€Å"Where is God?† (61) the only response is â€Å"total silence throughout the camp.† (61) Eliezer and his fellow Jews are left to wonder how an all-knowing, all–powerful God can allow such horror and cruelty to occur, especially to such devout worshipers. The existence of this horror, and the lack of a divine response, forever shakes Eliezer’s faith in God. At first Wiesel used to pray without questioning God’s existence. Now, Eliezer does not fast on the holy day of Yom Kippur and believes that God has died along with the boy that was hung. The silence of God shocks Eliezer and allows the Nazis to persecute them because the Jews hope for a miracle that never comes from a God who does not exist. â€Å"The opposite of love is not hate, it is indifference.† That quote is also from Elie Wiesel’s Nobel Peace Prize Speech. The German people living right next to the death camps such as Auschwitz and Buna could smell bodies being burnt, and could see the fire and smoke yet they did nothing. This is complicity, which is defined as the involvement as an accomplice in a questionable act or a crime (according to dictionary.com). The Germans were silent, and because of their silence, the tormentors and Nazis were able to further persecute their victims, who were the Jews and many other ethnic minorities that were used as scapegoats. In Night, Eliezer says, â€Å"Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live.† This famous quote can be interpreted to mean that  the silence of the Germans and the Allied forces is what really allowed the Jews to be murdered so heartlessly. Even though the German civilians did not do anything, Eliezer blames the Allied countries such as Great Britain and the United States for their slow response in reacting to the Nazi threat. It was said years after the Holocaust that if any powerful figure got on the BBC news radio station, telling all of the Jews to evacuate their homes and flee to Russia because all of the other Jews are disappearing, then more Jews might have been saved. Eliezer and his family were taken to Birkenau in 1944, when the war was already going on for many years. His family could have been warned and most likely saved from the Nazis. It was the neutrality and the lack of involvement of the Allied forces that led to the death of the Jews because they were not warned. In conclusion, the quote â€Å"We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented† is valid because the silence of the Jews, God, the German civilians, and the Allied forces contributed to the mass murder of millions of people. All of these people in their own separate ways, due to their neutrality and silence during the Holocaust period, allowed the victims to be murdered. The Jews did not rise up against their tormentors, and therefore allowed themselves to be killed. God did not act to protect his â€Å"chosen people† and at the moment of a horrible sacrifice, God does not intervene to save innocent lives. The German people went along with Hitler’s grand scheme as puppets. Finally, the only way that the Jews could have had the opportunity of escaping their fate was if they were warned. The allies had the opportunity to warn the Jews, but didn’t, perhaps believing that other countries would warn the Jews. But they didn’t. â€Å"In Germany they came first for the Communists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn’t speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me, and by that time no one was left to speak up.† That quote is from Martin Niemoller and proves that â€Å"silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented.†

Most Difficult Thing I Ever Learned to Do

â€Å"the most difficult thing I ever learned to do† Most pepole have learned many things to do and some of the learning is the hardest of the others . For me ,The most difficult thing I ever learned to do in is how to live as an immigrant . Most of all,The lack of English proficiency was a barrier to a better life. When I came to the United States ,I couldn't find any word to express my self in English. Learning english was not easy for me especially when you want to learn academic English as third language .However ,my friends said â€Å"If you do feel that English is not easy don't worry you are not the only one â€Å". I know that who I am not the only onehas this problem. I don't give up, I'll try to do my best as good as possible. The second reason why moving to the United States was so hard to me,living to a different country has opened my eyes to many cultural differences. I was not sure If american society would accept me or if any one could ever talk to me. Iran ha s a very different cultural background in the ways of seeing things,traditions,and interpreting the world .I often felt torn between the U. S. culture and culture of mine. It took time to overcome these problems and communicate effectively across cultures. Another reason ,Since I lived with my parents I had never experience living alone . As an independent person , I have a lot of things to handle them such as working and money mangment . I can't imagine how could I organize all of these by myself . Probably, living independently can brings to be more responsiblility,but for me it was one of the hardest things I hade to leran in the U.S. The Last reason things were difficult for me , I had to control my emotions . When I migrated to another country ,I began a new life without support and attention of my family . I became far away from Enviroment which was full of sweet bitter memories and this fact got me depressed. After several month,I found some way to control my emotions and to make myself happy . Now , I think living in U. S. is the hardest thing i learned to but definetly It taught me â€Å"the past is past , live now† and I can it do if I want to do.

Mexican Fiesta Information Essay

Mexico has several kinds of festivals, each celebrated for religious, national or local reasons. †¢ There is always some kind of party after the initial celebration, accompanied by traditional Mexican music and food. Elements of a fiesta: †¢ Fiestas include parades, beauty pageants, various contests, competitive sports such as football, singing, dancing, music and traditional food. Mexicans celebrate all major national and religious holidays with elaborate fiestas. Colourful decorations are essential, including lanterns, lights and streamers. †¢ One of the biggest features of a Mexican fiesta is the pinata, which is made of paper mache and filled with candy & gifts, then hung up and hit repeatedly until the inside goods fall out. †¢ Traditional Mexican food includes tortillas, tacos, nachos, Menudo (classic soup) & burritos. Ingredients used in these dishes can include pork, beef, corn, potatoes, chilli and various other spices. Food issues/Nutritional information: Food allergies to consider when planning any function can include peanuts, tree nuts, legumes, seafood/shellfish, soy and egg. †¢ Dietary requirements can include catering for vegetarians, vegans, religious reasons and lactose or dairy intolerance. †¢ One of the main foods used in Mexican foods are avocados. These fruits are packed with monounsaturated fat, which helps lower cholesterol. Capsaicin is also the active ingredient in chilli peppers, and can relieve congestion & fight inflammation. Mexican food is beneficial to health and often contains many antioxidants

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances between the Executive and Term Paper

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances between the Executive and Judicial Branch - Term Paper Example It will be argued that while there are some limitations in the Executive/Judiciary relation, these limitations are also anticipated and addressed by further checks and balances. The roots of the balance of powers, lies with the American father's concern with factionalism. The Federalist papers, which numbered eighty-five, were written as theoretical defense's of the amendments to the Constitution, and they represent the justification for the notion of a 'balance of powers'. Federalist paper number ten specifically deals with the question of "factions", and was written by James Madison (Epstein 102). The most concise definition of a faction, might be phrased as a group with a central and discernible purpose, who are perceived to threaten the structures and powers of that which is protected or enshrined in the Constitution. In particular, the largest threat is articulated in terms of the potential dangers of those who advocate the "abolition of debts, for an equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project" [Boller 71], which is what he describes as the "most common and durable source" of factions [Boller 69]. Because Madison thinks liberty ought to be protected, and because he claims that dissension is "sown in the nature of man" [Boller 69]-- that is, people who are contrary will always exist, Madison advocates that one cannot remove the "causes", but instead one can only "control the effects" [Boller 70]. That is, if the causes are liberty and one does not want to remove liberty, then, one cannot control the causes. And, if dissension or difference is natural in humans, and one cannot remove an aspect of human nature, then, one cannot in this sense remove this causal aspect either. By a Republic as opposed to a democracy, Madison simply implies that representatives of the people as opposed to the people themselves are those who control the political spectrum. And, as representatives he claims that these figures will (in theory) be those who embody "wisdom", "patriotism", and a "love of justice" [Boller 70]. The American form of government is that of a ‘republic’, and it is the principal means by which the constitutional fathers thought that single factions could be challenged. This is marked by a number of variables which are written into the American Constitution which ensures the ‘Balance of Powers’. In brief, the balance is broken down into the ‘executive’, ‘legislative’ and ‘judicial’ branches [Woll 4]. And, there is a balance between these branches with respect to passing or accepting legislative bills. In the United States, the President and every member of both houses is elected for a fixed term: the President for four years, the senators for six (one-third retiring every two years), the members of the House of Representatives for two [Schmidt, Shelley Bards and Ford 68]. The only way to get rid of a president before the end of the four-year te rm is to impeach him (her), which is very hard to do, and has never been done and only twice even attempted. As the President, the senators and the representatives are elected for different periods, it can happen, and often does, that the President belongs to one party while the opposing party has a majority in either the Senate or the House of Representatives or both. So for years on end, the President may find his (her)

Response and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Response and Analysis - Essay Example The Capitol treats its citizens as slaves totally belonging to the machine of power, and in such circumstances human life is worth absolutely nothing. People can vanish, they can literally die on the TV screen and again nobody will be concerned. Totalitarian regimes are obsessed with the idea of possible revolution and overthrow that is why the Capitol aims to ensure its power by reminding people their place and their worth: â€Å"Taking the kids from our districts, forcing them to kill one another while we watch – this is the Capitol’s way of reminding us how totally we are at their mercy. How little chance we would stand of surviving another rebellion. Whatever words they use, the real message is clear. â€Å"Look how we take your children and sacrifice them and there’s nothing you can do. If you lift a finger, we will destroy every last one of you. Just as we did in District Thirteen.† (Collins) As I already mentioned, the primary aim of the Capitol is to constantly remind people that their lives are worth nothing for the authority and that they can â€Å"disappear† anytime. And creating Hunger Games is very effective tool in imposing fear, but broadcasting them on TV has more serious meaning. By doing this the Capitol shows people`s their own worst instinctive qualities - violence and lust for blood. And so it turns out that on the one hand citizens are scared to become victims of the Capitol`s power but on the other, when they manage to save their lives, they become animals in their desire to see someone else`s glamorized death on the screen. So literally they join the Capitol in its obsession with violence becoming decent representatives of regime. There is no possibility to tell what is real on the TV show and what is fake, even such things as love and friendship: â€Å"It’s messing with my mind too much, trying to keep straight when we’re supposedly friends and when we’re